标题: 101常用短语(3) [打印本页] 作者: kba420 时间: 2008-11-20 16:43 标题: 101常用短语(3) 11. Catch-22
读过美国作家 Joseph Heller小说Catch-22吗? 在当代英语中catch-22作为一个独立的单词,使用频率也是非常高的。Catch-22现在用来形容任何自相矛盾、不合逻辑的规定或条件所造成的无法脱身的困境。
Joseph Heller的小说Catch-22(《第二十二条军规》)中有这样一段对话:
Yossarian looked at him soberly and tried another approach. "Is Orr crazy?" "He sure is," Doc Daneeka said. "Can you ground him?" "I sure can. But first he has to ask me to. That's part of the rule." "Then why doesn't he ask you to?" "Because he's crazy," Doc Daneeka said. "He has to be crazy to keep flying combat missions after all the close calls he's had. Sure, I can ground Orr. But first he has to ask me to." "That's all he has to do to be grounded?" "That's all. Let him ask me." "And then you can ground him?" Yossarian asked. "No. Then I can't ground him." "You mean there's a catch?" "Sure there's a catch," Doc Daneeka replied. "Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy."
此时摆在他们面前的就是一个自相矛盾的前提条件,具体地说,如果 Orr 真的神志不清,他完全可以不去执行这次飞行任务。此时他所要做的就是提出停飞申请;但一旦他真的提出申请,也就表明他并未神志不清,他必须去执行这次飞行任务;如果 Orr 真的神志不清,他就会去执行更多的飞行任务;而如果他是清醒的,他肯定不会这样做,但如果他是清醒的,他又必须去执行这次飞行任务;如果他愿意去执行飞行任务,就表明他神志不清,此时他根本无须去执行飞行任务;但如果他不愿意去执行飞行任务,就表明他的神志是清醒的,此时他就必须去执行这次飞行任务。简单而又荒唐的逻辑,他们不就是碰到了一个 Catch-22吗?
又例如,如果我是一位还没有发表过作品的作家,也就是说,我的作品没有在出版社出版过;我拿着我的作品去出版社商讨出版问题,出版社的人却对我说,他们不替没有发表过作品的人出版作品。如果所有的出版社都给我同样的答复,我岂不是就遇上catch-22了! 12.Close to the vest
Close to the vest 有很多异体形式, "playing/keeping it close to the/your vest/chest", 但最早它从一个更长地短语演变而来 "playing your cards close to the vest"。这些短语从字面上看就是"把自己手上的牌紧紧地拿在胸口,以防别人偷看"的意思。我们一起来探究一下它是如何发展为"(做事)小心、谨慎"的意思
把牌紧紧地拿在胸口防止他人偷看,就是为了使别人不能从战术上占便宜,所以在游戏中,你会小心翼翼,不让你的对手和他可能的同伙站在你的身后。Sinclair Lewis 在他的作品Babbitt中使用了这个短语,背景是在一男子俱乐部:He was a large man with hair en brosse, and he knew the latest jokes, but he played poker close to the chest。这里作者不单单在做事实性描述,同时意在刻画这位男子的性格。
而这个短语的隐喻用法则是其本意的自然延伸。如果说某人 play it close to the vest/chest,也就说这个人非常小心,谨慎甚至诡秘的策划什么行动,而且最重要的是隐藏自己的意图及相关信息。牛津英文字典用它来描述神秘的行为,请看原文例句:I couldn't afford to give hints...You have to play these things close to your chest。
近些年来,这种比喻的用法不光用来描述人,还被用于描述拟人化的公司实体的行为。请看例句:Tivoli Systems, a subsidiary of computer giant IBM, which has responsibility for securing the Olympics computer systems--a network of around 7,300 personal computers--was also playing its cards close to its chest today (AP newsfeed, 2000).
又如:For an industry that wants to know an awful lot about each and every one of its 'customers'--with and without clothes on--hospitals tend to keep their own business dealings pretty darn close to the vest (The Columbus Dispatch, 2000).
其实,与扑克牌相关的比喻用法简直不胜枚举,如:keep a poker face, play your cards right, have a card up your sleeve, 或 have an ace in the hole。如果要表达keep your cards close to the vest的反意,也就是不谨慎,毫无戒备,你可以用tip your hand这个短语;如果想表达打开天窗说亮话的意思,可以使用短语lay your cards on the table。
13.Cold turkey
一说到“turkey”,大家就会想到“火鸡”,实际上,由“turkey”组成的短语还真不少,而且它们的意思你也不一定都知道。
首先,我们来谈谈cold turky,你可别认为它是“凉火鸡”的意思。早在1930年的时候,cold turkey作为形容词、副词和名词都被人们使用过。当时作为形容词的用法较常见,意思是 “blunt, frank, plain”(生硬的、坦率的、毫无修饰的)。《每日新闻》(Daily News)上曾有这样的句子: "Stalin didn't like certain cold-turkey facts Kennan reported about Russia." 这里 “cold-turkey facts ”的意思是“生硬的事实”。
Cold turkey作副词用作状语时的意思是 “即兴、没有任何准备”或“率直地、坦然地”。Carl Sandburg在1922年这样写到: "I'm going to talk cold turkey with booksellers about the hot gravy in the stories."
关于talk (cold)turkey 的起源有一种说法是,一个白人和一印第安人商量如何分配捕获的猎物。白人说:"You take the turkey and I'll take the crow,or I'll take the turkey and you take the crow". 而印第安人觉察出白人并不是在“ talking turkey”(说心里话),白人其实正盘算着如何将猎物全部占为己有。
至于作为名词的用法,cold turkey的意思是“说话、做事直截了当”。 "Let's get down to cold turkey." 最能体现这种用法,它的意思就是"Let's get down to business." (谈正经事,切入正题)。
当然,cold turkey还有一个常见的用法,不过通常用在短语to go (or quit) cold turkey中,意思是突然而彻底的戒毒”。这里cold turkey可以指海洛因、吗啡、尼古丁和咖啡因,还可以指吸食上述毒品的行为或毒瘾,现在quit cold turkey的用法还扩大为戒烟、戒酒,突然戒掉一些上瘾的东西。有人说拔过毛的火鸡皮布满了鸡皮疙瘩(gooseflesh),样子看上去就象戒毒者的症状。所以有了cold turkey的这个用法。
14.Come-to-Jesus meeting 当你遇到困难,身处困境,而你的上司却召集你开会,讨论你目前的问题,最后并不忘说一句"好好干,年轻人!"的时候,这种"令人头痛的摊牌会"英语中用"Come-to-Jesus meeting" 来形容恐怕最合适不过。
这个短语的来源应该追溯到卫理公会教派刚刚传到美国的年代。卫理公会教义中把耶酥基督描述成一位就在人们身边的形象而不是遥不可及的角色,深得人心。一大批颇具魅力的布道士在全国游说演说,所到之处"拯救"人们。这些巡回传道者在营地集会中富有激情的号召大家"走近耶酥"("come to Jesus"), 告诫那些罪人如果他们不知悔改,将遭到诅咒。走近圣坛-走近基督-从人群中走出来承认自己的罪过,接受拯救。
第一次的"Come-to-Jesus meeting"实际上是在临时搭建的营地的集会,在那儿人们面对面的见到耶酥基督,在那儿没有牧师向你宣扬你的罪行将让基督继续受难,没有圣人替你说情。
那么,Come-to-Jesus meeting又如何发展为"令人头痛的摊牌会"的意思,却没有详细的记载,只是近年来,越来越多的人开始在不同场合用了这个短语,有时也有把 "meeting" 用作"moment"的,例如: "The come-to-Jesus moment for me in my understanding of all this came back in 1990," says John Perry Barlow, the retired Wyoming cattle rancher and digital guru who is co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. (Washington Post, November 2000)
The come-to-Jesus meeting took place on May 25 at a skybox at Nashville's football stadium, where Gore had gone for a publicity event. He told Coelho that he needed to "work on your relationships." (Newsweek, November 2000)
He'll be meeting with his advisers there, but already they have said this is not a "come to Jesus" meeting, Tony. No plan for any woodshed scoldings. (Carl Cameron, reporting on G.W. Bush's primary loss in New Hampshire, February 2000 on Fox news)