Additives for coating by Johan Bieleman 《涂料助剂》

bjsunbo

A perfect coating has to look brilliant! But other properties of coatings are also most important. Coatings have to be durable, tough and easily applicable. Additives are the key to success in achieving these characteristics, even though the amounts used in coating formulations are small.

This book is dedicated to developers and applicants of coatings working in research or production, and it is aimed at providing a manual for their daily work. It will answer the following questions: How do the most important groups of additives act? Which effects can be be achieved by their addition?

Scientific theories are linked to practical applications. Emphasis is put on the optical aspects that are most important for the applications in practice.

This book is a milestone in quality assurance in the complete field of coatings!


目录Contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Additives in Coating Materials
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Classification According to Function
1.4 Quantities Used
1.5 Economic Significance of Coating Additives

2 Basics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Interactions
2.3 Chemical Composition
2.4 Effectiveness of Additives
2.5 Applications

3 Thickeners
3.0 Basics
3.0.1 Introduction
3.0.2 Rheology and Viscosity
3.0.3 Viscosity Measurement
3.1 Inorganic Thickeners
3.1.1 Production of the Organoclays
3.1.2 Rheology and Organoclays .
3.1.3 Influence of Organoclays on Various Coating Properties
3.1.4 Sedimentation
3.1.5 Sagging .
3.1.5.1 Flow and Levelling
3.1.5.2 Introduction
3.1.5.3 Organoclays .
3.1.6 Incorporation Procedures
3.1.7 Trade Products
3.2 Organic Thickeners
3.2.0  Introduction
3.2.0.1Organic Thickeners for Water-Borne Paints
3.2.0.2Thickeners for Solvent-Based Paints
3.2.1Cellulose Derivatives
3.2.2Chemical Composition and Delivery Form
3.2.2.1Thickening Mechanism
3.2.2.2Application Properties of PUR Thickeners
3.2.2.3Formulation of Coating Materials with PURThickeners
3.2.2.4Coating Properties
3.2.2.5Organic Thickeners for Solvent-Borne Coatings
3.2.2.6Product Survey
3.2.2.7Hydrogenated Castor-Oil-Based Thickeners
3.2.2.8Polyamides
3.2.3Overbased Sulphonates
3.2.3.1Polyolefins
3.2.3.2Commercial Products
3.2.3.3References
3.2.3.4PURThickeners
3.2.3.5Introduction
3.2.3.6Applications
3.2.3.7Commercial Products

4 Surface-Active Agents
4.1 Wetting and Dispersing Agents
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Definitions
4.1.3 The Dispersion Process
4.1.3.1 Pigment Wetting
4.1.3.2 Mechanical Disruption
4.1.3.3Stabilization
4.1.3.4Stabilization in Polar Media: Practical Evaluation
4.1.3.5Stabilization in Nonpolar Media: Practical Evaluation
4.1.4Chemical Composition of Wetting and Dispersing Agents
4.1.4.1Polymeric Dispersing Agents
4.1.5Problem-Solving
4.1.6Surface-Charge Measurement
4.1.6.1Dispersant Demand
4.1.6.2Monitoring the Dispersion Process
4.1.6.3Degree of Dispersion
4.1.6.4Degree of Flocculation
4.1.6.5Flooding: Rub-Out Test
4.1.6.6Biological and Toxicological Properties
4.1.7Commercial Products
4.1.7.1Procedures for Determining Dispersion Efficiency
4.1.7.2Surfactants
4.1.8Polymers
4.2Defoaming of Aqueous Paint Materials
4.2.1Introduction
4.2.2Foam Formation in Aqueous Paints
4.2.3Causes of Foam Stabilization
4.2.3.1Stability-Reducing Parameters
4.2.3.2Parameters That Promote Foam Stability
4.2.4Inhibiting Agents
4.2.4.1Defoamers
4.2.4.2Foam Inhibiting Agents
4.2.5Formulation of the Active Substances
4.2.6Test Methods for the Evaluation of Defoamers
4.3 Adhesion Promoters
4.3.1 Definition
4.3.2 Models for Interpreting Adhesion Phenomena
4.3.3 Adhesive Strength in the Bond
4.3.4 Adhesion Promoters
4.3.4.1 General Remarks
4.3.4.2 Organofunctional Silanes
4.3.4.3 Organometallic Compounds
4.3.4.4 Chlorinated Polyolefins
4.3.4.5 Special Condensates
4.3.4.6 Phosphates
4.3.4.7 Polyethylenimine
4.3.4.8 Silicones and Silicone-Modified Polymers
4.3.4.9 Miscellaneous
4.3.4.10 Summary
4.4 Additives to Improve Substrate Wetting
4.4.1 tmportance of Surface Tension for Substrate Wetting
4.4.2 Influencing the Surface Tension of Coatings
4.4.3 Measurement of Surface Tension
4.4.4 Chemistry of Silicone Additives
4.4.5 Usage of Silicone Additives

5 Additives for Surface Modification
5.1Additives to Improve Surface Slip
5.1.1Introduction
5.1.2Important Terms
5.1.3Practical Importance of Surface Slip
5.1.4Factors Influencing Scratch Resistance
5.1.5Slip Ability
5.1.6lnfluencing the Surface Slip
5.1.7Silicone Additives
5.1.8Waxes
5.1.9Measuring Surface Slip
5.2Basic Physical Principles of Matting
5.2.1Methods for the Characterization of Surfaces
5.2.1.1Gloss and Sheen
5.2.1.2Surface Roughness
5.2.1.3Properties Not Influenced by the Matting Agent
5.2.1.4Mechanism of Matting
5.2.1.5Economical Importance
5.2.2Requirements for Modern Matting Agents
5.2.2.1Natural Silica and Fillers
5.2.2.2Organic Matting Agents
5.2.2.3Application of Matting Agents
5.2.2.4General Parameter That Influence Matting
5.2.2.5Solventborne Systems
5.2.2.6Waterborne Systems
5.2.3High-SoliddRadiation-Curing Systems
5.2.3.1Commercial Products
5.2.3.2Matting
5.2.3.3MattingAgents
5.2.3.4Introduction
5.2.3.5AmorphousSilica
5.2.4Powdercoatings

6 Flow-Levelling and Coalescing Agents
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1Levelling Additives
6.1.1.1Definition and Measurement of Levelling
6.1.1.2Physical Factors Influencing Levelling
6.1.1.3Commercially Available Levelling Additives
6.1.2Improvement of Levelling: Mode of Action of Levelling Additives
6.1.2.1Polymers
6.1.2.2Silicones
6.1.2.3Fluorosurfactants
6.1.2.4Solvents
6.1.2.5OtherAdditives
6.1.3Properties of Levelling Additives
6.1.4Application of Levelling Additives
6.1.4.1Polymers
6.1.4.2Silicones
6.1.4.3Fluorosurfactants
6.1.4.4Solvents
6.1.4.5Other Additives
6.1.5Practical Experiences with Levelling
6.1.6Toxicology and Waste Disposal
6.2Coalescing Agents
6.2.1Polymer Dispersions : Structure/Film Formation
6.2.2Coalescing Agents: Mode of Action
6.2.3Coalescing Agents: Product Overview
6.2.4Performance Aspects
6.2.5Ecology/Toxicology
6.2.6Manufacturers/Tradenames (Selection)
6.2.7Introduction

7 Catalytically Active Additives
7.1Driers
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Historical Overview of the Application of Driers
7.1.3 Composition
7.1.4 Manufacturing
7.1.5 Auto oxidation Drying and the Function of Driers
7.1.6 Drier Metals
7.1.7 Combination Driers
7.1.8 Loss of Drying Ability
7.1.9 Lead-Free Drier Systems
7.1.10 Waterborne Coatings
7.1.11 High-Solids Coatings
7.1.12 Analysis Procedures
7.1.13 Biological and Toxicological Properties
7.1.14 Trade Names
7.2 Catalysts
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Melamine Cross Linking Systems
7.2.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2.2 Catalysis of HMM-Based Systems .Cr oss Linking
7.2.2.3 Catalysis of Reactive Melamine Systems .Se lf-condensation
7.2.2.4 Formulation Advice
7.2.3 Polyurethane Systems
7.2.3.1 Introduction
7.2.3.22K-PUR Systems
7.2.3.3 Blocked 1 K-PUR Systems
7.2.3.4 PUR Powder Coatings
7.2.3.5 Moisture-Curing 1 K-PUR Systems
7.2.4 Epoxy Systems
7.2.4.1 Introduction
7.2.4.2 EpoxyIAmine Systems
7.2.4.3 EpoxyJCarboxy Systems
7.2.4.4 Epoxy/Phenol/Formaldehyde Resin Systems

8 Additives for Special Functions
8.1 Anti-Skinning Agents
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Definitions
8.1.3 Causes of Skinning
8.1.4 Consequences of Skinning
8.1.5Avoiding Skinning
8.1.5.1Antioxidants
8.1.5.2Blocking Agents for Polymerization Catalysts
8.1.5.3Solvents
8.1.5.4Retention Agents
8.1.6Practical Hints
8.1.7 Toxicological Properties of MEKO
8.1.8 Commercial Products
8.2 Light Stabilizers
8.2.1Introduction
8.2.1.1Environmental Influences on Coatings
8.2.1.2Photooxidation of Polymers
8.2.1.3Stabilization Possibilities
8.2.1.4Economic Importance
8.2.2Basic Principles
8.2.2.1 UV Absorbers
8.2.2.2 Hindered-Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS)
8.2.3 Pro perties of Light Stabilizers
8.2.3.1 Requirements for Light Stabilizers
8.2.3.2 Solubility and Compatibility of Light Stabilizers
8.2.3.3 Volatility of Light Stabilizers
8.2.3.4 Influence of the Own Colour of a Light Stabilizer
8.2.3.5 Interaction of UV Absorbers with Other Coating Components
8.2.3.6 Permanence of UV Absorbers
8.2.3.7 Side Reactions of HALS
8.2.4 Use of Light Stabilizers
8.2.4.1 Stabilization of Clear Coatings/Colour Coatings
8.2.4.2 Stabilization of One-Coat Solid Shades
8.2.4.3 Stabilization of Powder Coatings
8.2.4.4 Stabilization of UV-Curable Clear Coatings
8.2.4.5 Stabilization of Wood Coatings
8.2.5 Guidelines for the Use of Light Stabilizers
8.2.5.1 Evaluation Methods
8.2.5.2 Recommendations for the Use of Light Stabilizers
8.2.6 Trade Names
8.2.7Toxicology and Waste Treatment
8.3Corrosion Inhibitors
8.3.1Introduction
8.3.1.1Basics
8.3.1.2Electrochemical Corrosion Processes
8.3.1.3 Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings
8.3.2Corrosion Inhibitors
8.3.2.1Definition
8.3.2.2Inhibition Mechanisms
8.3.2.3Inhibitor Classes/Characteristics
8.3.3Products and Product Characteristics
8.3.3.1 Flash-Rust Inhibitors
8.3.3.2 Inhibitors for Long-Term Corrosion Protection
8.3.4Practical Hints, Formulation Guidelines
8.3.4.1 Flash-Rust Inhibitors
8.3.4.2Inhibitors Inhibitors for Long-Term Protection
8.3.5Toxicology and Disposal
8.3.6Manufacturers and Trade Names
8.4Biocides
8.5  Flame Retardants
8.5.1General Information
8.5.1.1Flammability Classification and Testing Methods
8.5.1.2The Combustion Process
8.5.1.3Mechanism of Flame Retardance
8.5.2Common Flame Retardants - Structure, Mode of Action, Properties
8.5.2.1 Inorganic Flame Retardants
8.5.2.2 Halogen-Containing Flame Retardants
8.5.2.3Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants
8.5.2.4Char-Forming Flame Retardants
8.5.2.5 Intumescent Systems
8.5.3 Use and Consumption
8.5.4 Suppliers. Commercial Products
8.6  Photoinitiators as Additives in UV-Curable Lacquers
8.6.1Introduction
8.6.1.1Difference Between Photoinitiators and Other Coating Additives
8.6.1.2Development of UV Curing
8.6.2Main Components of UV-Curable Coatings
8.6.2.1Photoinitiators
8.6.2.2Reactive Resins and Diluents
8.6.3Radical Photocuring
8.6.3.1Mechanism
8.6.3.2Investigating the Reaction Kinetics
8.6.4UV-Curing Technique
8.6.5Examples of Photoinitiator Use
8.6.5.1Clearcoatings
8.6.5.2Pigmented Coatings
8.6.6Toxicology and Disposal
8.6.7TradeNames

9 Industrial Hygiene and Environmental Management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Commonly Used Terms
9.3 Biological and Toxicological Properties
9.4 SafetyData
9.5 Industrial Hygiene
9.6 Waste Disposal and Packaging、

10 Quality Assurance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Commonly Used Concepts
10.3 The Quality Standard IS0 9001
10.4 Environment Protection and Industrial Hygiene
10.5 Quality Control of Additives

Subject Index