Failure Analysis of Paints and Coatings

henry78

Failure Analysis of Paints and Coatings
By Dwight G. Weldon

Publisher: Wiley
Number Of Pages:   378
Publication Date:   2009-05-11
ISBN-10 / ASIN:    0470697539
ISBN-13 / EAN:     978-0-470-69753-5
Product Description:

     Entirely devoted to the failure analysis of coatings and paints – an “excellent reference to a select market”.
     Latest edition contains new material on surface preparation, transfer of salt to steel from contaminated abrasive, effect of peak density on coating performance, on galvanizing, silane-modified coatings, polyurea coatings, polyaspartics, and powder coatings and on dry spray.
     Balances scientific background and practical advice, giving both the theory and applications in a slim, easily readable form.
     Includes case studies of laboratory tests.
     Written by an author with over 25 years of experience in the paint and coatings industry.

CONTENTS
Preface to the Revised Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements
1       General Principles of Coating Formulation
1.1    Introduction
1.2    Binders
1.3    Pigments
1.4    Solvents
1.5    Additives
1.6    Formulation Concepts: Pigment-to-Binder Ratio
1.7    Formulation Concepts: Pigment-Volume Concentration
1.8    Formulation Concepts: Density, Weight Solids and Volume Solids
References
2       Why Coatings Work and Why They Fail
2.1    Why Coatings Work
2.1.1 Adhesion
2.1.2 Wetting
2.1.3 Surface Preparation
2.1.4 Cohesive Strength
2.1.5 Permeability
2.2    Why Coatings Fail
2.2.1 Mechanical Stress
2.2.2 Internal Stress
2.2.3 Chemical Attack
2.2.4 Weathering Stress
2.2.5 Osmotic Blistering
2.2.6 Electroendosmotic Blistering
References
3       Pigments
3.1    Inorganic Pigments
3.1.1 Inorganic Colour Pigments – White
3.1.2 Inorganic Colour Pigments – Yellow
3.1.3 Inorganic Colour Pigments – Orange
3.1.4 Inorganic Colour Pigments – Red
3.1.5 Inorganic Colour Pigments – Blue
3.1.6 Inorganic Colour Pigments – Green
3.2    Extender Pigments
3.2.l  Silica/Silicates
3.2.2 Calcium Carbonate
3.2.3 Barytes
3.3   Corrosion-Resistant Pigments
3.4   Organic Pigments
3.4.1 Organic Red Pigments
3.4.2 Organic Yellow Pigments
3.4.3 Organic Blue Pigments
3.4.4 Organic Green Pigments
References
4       Additives and Solvents
4.1    Additives
4.1.1 Anti-settling Agents
4.1.2 Viscosity Modifi ers
4.1.3 Surfactants and Emulsifying Agents
4.1.4 De-foaming and Anti-foaming Agents
4.1.5 Driers
4.1.6 Plasticizers
4.1.7 Ultraviolet Stabilizers
4.1.8 Anti-skinning Agents
4.1.9  Biocides
4.1.10Flow-Modifying Agents
4.2     Solvents
References
5       Coating Types and Common Failure Modes
5.1    Natural Resins and Oils
5.1.1 Natural Resins
5.1.2 Oils
5.2    Alkyds and Epoxy Esters
5.2.1 Alkyds
5.2.2 Epoxy Esters
5.3    Epoxies
5.3.1 Amine and Amide Curing Agents for Epoxy Resins
5.3.2 Epoxy Failure Modes
5.4    Modifi ed Epoxies
5.4.1 Acrylic Epoxies
5.4.2 Coal Tar Epoxies
5.4.3 Epoxy Phenolics
5.5    Phenolics
5.5.1 Resole Phenolics
5.5.2 Novolac Phenolics
5.5.3 Phenolic Failure Modes
5.6    Amino Resins
5.7    Acrylics
5.7.1 Solution Acrylics
5.7.2 Acrylic Latex Coatings
5.7.3 Thermoset Acrylics
5.8    Polyesters
5.8.1 Saturated Polyesters
5.8.2 Unsaturated Polyesters
5.9    Polyurethanes
5.9.1 Two-Component Polyisocyanate/Polyol Coatings
5.9.2 Urealkyds
5.9.3 Moisture-Cured Polyurethanes
5.9.4 Polyurethane Lacquers and Dispersions
5.9.5 Two-Component Water-Borne Polyurethanes
5.10    Vinyls
5.10.1 Solution Vinyls
5.10.2 Plastisols and Organosols
5.10.3 Vinyl Fluorides
5.10.4 Poly(vinyl butyral)
5.10.5 Vinyl Latexes
5.11    Bituminous Coatings
5.12    Inorganic and Silicone-Modifi ed Coatings
5.12.1 Silicone Coatings
5.12.2 Silicate Coatings  
5.12.3 Polysiloxane Coatings
5.13    Polyureas
5.13.1 Polyaspartic Polyurea Coatings
5.14    Powder Coatings
References
6 Application-Related Problems
6.1     Brush and Roller
6.2     Spray Applications
6.2.1  Air (Conventional) Spray
6.2.2  Airless Spray
6.2.3  Plural Spray
6.2.4  Electrostatic Spray
6.3     Flow Coating
6.4     Roll Coating
6.5     Powder Coating
6.6     Coating Failures Related to Application Problems
References
7      Field Methods
8      Analytical Methods
8.1    Light Microscopy
8.2    Infrared Spectroscopy
8.2.1 Theory
8.2.2 Instrumentation
8.2.3 Sample Handling
8.2.4 Applications
8.3 Gas Chromatography (GC)
8.3.1 Theory of GC
8.3.2 Instrumentation
8.3.3 Pyrolysis-GC
8.3.4 Application of GC
8.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
8.4.1 Theory
8.4.2 Instrumentation
8.4.3 Applications
8.5    Ion Chromatography
8.5.1 Theory
8.5.2 Applications
8.6    Scanning Electron Microscopy
8.6.1 Imaging Theory
8.6.2 Elemental Analysis by X-ray Spectroscopy
8.6.3 Sample Preparation
8.6.4 Applications of SEM-EDS
8.7    Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
8.7.1 Theory
8.7.2 Calibration and Sample Preparation
8.7.3 Applications of DSC
8.8    Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis
References
9      Physical Methods
9.1   Adhesion
9.2   Flexibility and Impact Resistance
9.3   Solvent Resistance
9.4   Weathering Resistance
9.5   Chemical Resistance
9.6   Freeze–Thaw
9.7   Application Variables
References
10     Examples of Coating Failures
10.1  Urethane Topcoat Disbonding from Epoxy
10.2  Blistering of an Epoxy Tank Coating
10.3  Cracking and Delamination of Epoxy Coating Systems on Masonry Walls
10.4  Discolouration of Coil-Coated Aluminium Siding
10.5  Discolouration and Delamination of Plastisol
10.6  Delamination of Floor Coating
10.7  Delamination of Dry-Fall Alkyd
10.8  Coal Tar Epoxy Failure
10.9  Splitting of Inorganic Zinc-Rich Primer
10.10 Defects on Electro-Coated Panels
10.11 Failure of Coated Light Poles
10.12 Blistering of Coating on Concrete Floor, Number 1
10.13 Blistering of Coating on Concrete Floor, Number 2
10.14 Peeling of Paint from Metal Chairs
10.15 Failure of Railroad Car Liner
10.16 Failure of Calcium Sulfonate Modifi ed Alkyd Topcoat from a Bridge
10.17 Discolouration of Furniture Lacquer
10.18 Failure of Tank Car Lining
References
11     The Repair of Coating Failures

sunny

Failure Analysis of Paints and Coatings